Beijing axis

Beijing axis is the axis of the Ming and Qing Beijing, Beijing's urban planning has to Miyagi-centered symmetrical features, many buildings were built in the axis of symmetry, known as the central axis. South axis of Beijing from Yongding Gate, north bell tower, straight-line distance of about 7.8 km.

People travel to Beijing, Beijing may be interested in the many names: there Dongzhimen, there Xizhimen; the East 4, West Fourth there; have Dongdan, there Xidan; the East side, west side door there ; have left Tiananmen Square, Tiananmen Square have the right ... This is how it happened?

It turned out that there are two well-known Beijing axis.

Background

Ancient Beijing urban construction, the most prominent achievements is the center of Beijing to Miyagi-style pattern to the heart and from Yongding Gate to the clock tower in the long axis of 7.8 km of the city, which is the world's urban construction history's most outstanding examples of urban design one. Chinese architect Liang was in praise of this axis is "an up to eight kilometers, the world's longest, has the greatest north-south axis through the city, Beijing travel Beijing's unique splendor of order on the establishment of this axis generated; after ups and downs, symmetrical shape or space to which the allocation is based on the central axis; spirit of the magnificent North and South in this extension, always in the end of the scale. "

Origin

Beijing's central axis from the relatively clear in the Jin Dynasty, a Okimichi abundance throughout the city should be outside the door, Imperial doors and Miyagi positive publicity should be days of door. Yuan Dynasty, the official formation of the axis, position in the center line of this old Drum Tower Street and the south extension line, across the liquid pool is too central east coast of Miyagi, leading to the main entrance outside the city center of Korea. The Ming Dynasty, rulers in Beijing axis moved eastward 150 meters, the final formation of the current pattern.

The establishment of central axis, the purpose is to emphasize the centrality of the feudal emperors, as the Chinese name, meaning "the world center of the country" the same. The overall layout of the city to a central axis, left for the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the right of the boat altar; in front of the court, behind the market, the "left ancestral Right Society", "former outlook", Beijing urban layout therefore become the world's most splendid cities.

Location

South axis of Beijing city from outside the Yongding, the inner city Zhengyangmen, China Gate, Tiananmen Square, side door, the Meridian Gate, Gate of Supreme Harmony, through the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall of Central Harmony, Hall of Preserving Harmony, Palace of Heavenly Purity, Kunning, Shenwu, long live the Mountain Man King across the pavilion, Beijing Tour life Imperial Palace, the Drum Tower, leading to the center of the clock tower. This four-fold axis attached to the city, that is outside the city, inner city, the Imperial City and Forbidden City, Beijing is like the backbone, clearly highlight the position of seventh palace, ranks among the world reflects the feudal emperors "overweening" thinking.

Symmetrical features

According to the traditional "Long Temple Press, Que Tan Chong" regulation, along the axis of symmetry in the arrangement of a variety of Altars buildings. Temple of Heaven, Xian Nong Tan, East side, west side door, Chongwen, Xuanwu, the Imperial Ancestral Temple, boat altar, Donghuamen, West Gate, Dongzhimen, Xizhimen, Andingmen, Deshengmen to the axis of the axisymmetric distribution . All the royal palace, Altars, Government Office and other important government buildings are attached to a central axis and this together. The building is a symbol of the ancient capital of Beijing, is a symbol of Chinese civilization.

Symbol of cultural phenomena

China's "name from the ancient Chinese culture," China "with the" Middle Kingdom "means." Central country "of the ideas from the Han Chinese living in the Yellow River, some tribes than their contemporaries into the farming clan of some earlier society in agricultural production and farming life, after a long struggle with natural disasters, particularly with the flood fight, operation of the world, solar terms change, with more plant growth leading understanding. As a result, more advanced the Yellow River Basin farming civilization has become the center of the surrounding tribal clan aspire to. Thus, "in" in the minds of the ancient ancestors of the early formation of a concept, namely: advanced production and lifestyle. In other words, this advanced production and the farming way of life is the Yellow River culture since, in people's minds gradually evolved into a yellow earth centered thinking and awareness, for example, in ancient Chinese ancestors created the "yin and yang" doctrine, to determine the "soil" position in the central; the same time, the soil in a variety of colors, but also recognize the "loess" in the center or central in Beijing Zhongshan Park (ancient boat altar) there is a typical symbol of this cultural phenomenon.

A symbol of imperial power

Beijing boat square altar altar, symbolizing the earth and the vast territory of the motherland, with five colors of earth piled up. Among them, the middle of loess, east of the green earth, south of Red (red) soil, clay west to the north is black. Colored soil is also a symbol of the world five directions, representing the east, west, south, north,. In traditional Chinese culture, the five directions and combined with five Fangzun Chong of the fetish, for example, Oriental statue too howl, his assistant for the wood of God; the South respect Yan, assistant to Vulcan; Western Shaohao respect, his assistant for the gold of God; North statue Zhuan items, his assistant for the god of water; middle respect the Yellow Emperor, his assistant for the soil of God.

By the advocates of land to Chongshang Ming Huang yellow color, is the ancient Chinese society from primitive to feudal hierarchical society, a significant sign. In China's feudal society, not only advocating yellow earth, but also respected yellow color, yellow color was interpreted as a symbol of imperial power and elegance. In China's feudal society, the core of the unified idea or concept is the imperial power, the emperor, and imperial power, the emperor's signature color is yellow. For example, use the yellow glazed tiles palace buildings, the emperor in yellow robes to wear for formal occasions or jacket and so on. Beijing as an ancient empire, and its color is gray walls and gray tiles based city walls, streets, alleys and courtyard, and in the urban core area is the magnificent sight of the palace buildings. This large area of ??the building with yellow glazed tiles form can be said that Beijing feudal empire as a significant sign.

Was the emperor

Spread in ancient China, "Yu Department of princes," the story. The story of Yu in the successful management of floods, in order to review the world how many tribes, the decision of the Yellow River Tu (now Anhui Huai) tribal leader called on the world. At the time, got the news of the tribal leaders have come, the number of thousands. Meanwhile, the tribal leaders also called on to bring a variety of gifts. During the call, and Yu became a respected central figure, a "King of Kings", that is, above all tribal leader revered figure. Thus, from Dayu, China entered a class society, the emergence of the first dynasty - Xia. Yu's son from the beginning of Chinese history has been found in the king, emperor, emperor, and the unified multi-ethnic country. Yu called in after the tribal world, Yu also do a great thing, that is sent to the tribal chiefs of the different styles of nine large cast bronze tripod unity to the world Jiuding unified and national symbol of the highest ritual. As a result, "Nine" has not only become the largest digital bits, Chinese culture has also become the most distinguished figures, only the emperor can enjoy digital, which is "95 of the statue." As a result, the central plains there "Nine and five" culture and ideas.

Kyushu

Kyushu, according to the order are: Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, okrug. Yongzhou. "Nine" in ancient Chinese society, the greatest, the most meaning. At that time, people think, "Nine" has covered the world. As a result, Kyushu is also another name of ancient China. Royal Summer Palace in Beijing in the garden there is a core area, the name "Kyushu area," core area "Kyushu Qing Yan", which is located before the northern shore of Lake Summer Palace, the house across the lake with fair and square, is an important area in the Summer Palace, also can be said to represent the characteristics of ancient Chinese imperial garden area. Some people may ask, why "Kyushu area" important? The root is that it symbolizes national unity and multi-ethnic unity is the symbol of the unified China. Kyushu area in the planning and design, a manifestation of this cultural phenomenon and ideas. Kyushu area to the lake as the center after the Summer Palace, the formation of nine islands, lake-like area, namely: Lou on open cloud, natural picture, Bi Tong College, Temple & P care, up and down the sky, apricot Spring Museum, Tan sway, this ancient Han Ru, Kyushu clear feast. After these scenic lake surrounded, not only the landscape, architecture, landscape seamless, but also highlights the feudal rule of "unified Kyushu, world harmony," the political will. Thus, national unity, the unity of the multi-ethnic Chinese nation has a long history and tradition, is the coagulation of blood carved in Chinese. Now, a reference to the Summer Palace, young people only know "Western House" does not know "Kyushu area", which is the art of Chinese garden of Yuanmingyuan displayed on a mistake.

Jizhou

In Kyushu, the Jizhou not only tops the list, but also because of its topography center, surrounded by mountains, a leading city. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi famous general once said, Ji are between heaven and earth, a good big feng shui. Mountains from the clouds, the front of the Yellow River around. Taishan towering left for the dragon, tiger Right Mountain Song, Song for the former case, the second important case Huainan mountains, south of Five Ridges triple case. Therefore, both ancient and modern capital of the land than Ji are. "Ji" means the North China Plain, as the establishment of the capital, Beijing is the ideal place. Some books are described Beijing terrain: that Beijing front (southeast) has vast Bohai Sea, another Chaobai, Yongding River, Juma River and North Canal through five major river systems flow through, a small plain behind in Beijing (Northwest) is There are endless stretches of Yanshan Mountain and Taihang Mountains as the basis, the terrain is Huju dragon, the natural form wins. General introduction to the Beijing historical or topographical literature also pointed out that Beijing is surrounded by mountains, facing the sea, west to east, flood plains, favorable natural environment, suitable capital, suitable for human habitation.

Five

Five, the ancient Chinese ancestors pay attention to the "five" is a primitive society to adapt to a harmonious social relations of production structure. Habitat is the core of the emperor, and then from the Gyeonggi gradually succumbed to the remote imperial vassal state are ideal for sub-regional management thinking, but also the ancient emperors of the original thinking of the country and bringing peace. This idea is further extended services around the central and central ideas and consciousness. Ancient ancestors that the country unified, have a center, called the center or core of the center. Speaking from the central region is the region where the emperor, is the capital. Thus, in ancient China to draw a "five figure" that is the central core, or the empire; and around the Royal Park of five, from near and far in order are: Austin clothing, Hou clothes, Sui clothing (also known as "Bin Service"), to service, shortage of clothes.

In the ancient "Mandarin Language Week," also recorded, when talking about the King Mu of Zhou Ji explained the public to seek the parent has "five", to the effect that, to the king as the center place of residence, according to the same distance as a square or circular boundary , in turn divided into regions, the most recent is "Austin dress," and then "Hou dress," and "guest services" (Han as "sui clothes"), "to serve", "shortage of clothes," for "five" .

The central idea

Center, the central idea to 2500 years ago, China entered the Spring and Autumn Period, due to ideological, academic unprecedented opening, there has been a distillation, which is Confucius on the "moderate" ideology and discourse. Confucius that "not partial to, the same as Yong." We often say that China's "in" is a rectangular coupled pricked. The vertical side can not write, and write side of the "China" to look good. In the process of learning calligraphy, professors have devoted teacher of calligraphy "in" word for example, where the "in" word pricked very particular requirements: both hanging elbow, wrist, but also "center" line pen, and requires a pen vertically, so look around, be impartial and accurate in the "mouth" of the center had enough strength, the line pen. Confucius talked about the "moderate" than to write "in" to the profound cultural connotation of the word, both specifications, there are a man, ways of thinking and doing things. Some people say "yung" word, that is mediocre, which is modern Chinese for "Yong" a misunderstanding of the word, Confucianism called "Yong" word with a wide range of application and practice of meaning. For example, "Yong" word apart is the "wide", "hand", "use" of three parts, "broad" is in a principle of universal significance, the "hand" is to emphasize hands-on, with practical implications; "use" is applied. Some general Confucian emphasis on the "moderate" is impartial in the attitude to take, to reconcile the attitude of compromise. This is the literal interpretation of the profound meaning and unbiased or impartial is the Chiang Kai-shek insisted, stressing that adhere to the principle of reconciliation and compromise among the deeper meaning is inclusive and tolerant. Confucius that "moderate" ideology, the central idea will be further applied to the emperor, the state, the boat is the "Spring and Autumn Annals." This pre-Qin period of historical documents and further that "the king choose among the founding of the world, standing among the selected countries Palace, Palace of choice among the Li Miao", that is, the emperor's position is the middle world, the emperor's residence (palace) should be in the middle of the capital, the imperial ancestral hall should be in the middle of the palace.

Down from five thousand years of Chinese history, a central idea, Chiang Kai-shek's consciousness is deeply rooted, is melted in a few years of Chinese ideological and cultural construction, but also the Chinese culture, one of the most significant features. People often say "Chinese" is such a concept. "Chinese" is what? The culture is very important include: center, Chiang Kai-shek, symmetry. Center is the core, Chiang Kai-shek is impartial, the center was; symmetrical is symmetrical, maintenance, or off center. For example, In the future, innovation and a wall of Chinese and Western-style clothing, known as the "Zhongshan Fu", there was midline, symmetrical features. Tunic is the early 20th century advocated by the Sun Yat-sen, was also known as "national service." The style is characterized by six button front placket, center vertical line evenly, down a total of four pockets, symmetrical on both sides of the midline. Also pay attention to the Chinese medicine center, the center is the man. Chinese medicine believes that people in the middle of heaven and earth, heaven and earth by the impact of changes in the natural environment, this should be people-centered. Chinese medicine, the body's brain and spine is the center of the body, arranged in various organs left and right, which is about the human body, yin and yang of the distinction. Activities of human limbs, but also rely on the brain and spine, for people to properly protect the brain and spine.

The center into the building

The center of Chiang Kai-shek's ideas into the building and determine building orientation, is the ancient objects and natural phenomena based on observations and summarized out. For example, in the position found on the ancient north-south direction that is more important than the direction things are. This is because the north-south direction is east-west orientation is also natural; can tell the difference if the north-south direction, what direction can be found naturally. As a result, the four great inventions in ancient China, there is an invention of "compass." Why are North and South first, because there is a natural north-south can be identified as a basis. In dealing with the nature of ancient ancestors discovered in the course: During the day, when people can be based on the projection of the sun to determine the radial direction of north and south. Night, one can determine the location of the Big Dipper based on the direction of the Arctic, and to find north and south. With the north and south, can find something natural. According to the scientists study, early humans could be based not only the sun, stars to determine the direction of the migratory flight in the sky for a long time by the sun and the stars is to identify the direction. For example, one called "Sea Bird" migratory birds, in flight, through the analysis of the sun during the day is to set the direction of polarized light, the stars at night is to set the direction of polarization.

Ancient Beijing city's main building also reflects the results of this wisdom of mankind. Liao Dynasty, Beijing Urban Construction and more sitting east to the west, reflecting the Khitan people chase the sun lifestyle is the main building is facing towards the rising sun. Beijing Xishan Daigakuji built in the Liao Dynasty, is relatively rare in Beijing take the east of the temple building. From the Jin Dynasty began, after the Yuan, Ming and Qing, Beijing city's buildings affected mainly by the Central Plains culture, highlighting the ride south, the main palace are located in the north-south axis through the city. This building layout and orientation, reflecting both the orthodox Chinese Confucian culture, ideas, and characteristics of the natural environment for the North, that is, the long northern winter, cold, plenty of sunshine during the day and housing needs. At the same time, because Beijing is the capital, have a clear orientation and positioning, Beijing Xingang Port Tour and runs through the city north-south axis is the most obvious city coordinates. With a clear north-south orientation, left, right (East, West) symmetry of the building like arranged. Axis of Beijing city center is also fully embodies the ideas and concepts, through the north-south axis of Beijing city can be said to be "in" word font pricked, and just like the Forbidden City is the "in" word-shaped "mouth ", which formed the axis through the Forbidden City on China's" China ". This is the U.S. capital Washington city center planning different. Washington city center also has a center line, connecting the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, Capitol Hill, and their intersection is a small cross, which Jefferson Memorial to the White House, is composed of "ten"-frame, to show that belief in Western culture .

The center up to the feudal hierarchy

In ancient Chinese society, the center, the central ideology of feudal society to rise to the theory and is closely related to the establishment of the hierarchy. In the feudal hierarchy and ritual, the highest level is the emperor, the highest of the ritual is "Zhou." The core of this ritual is to the emperor as the center. Planning and construction of Beijing, the center area is the Imperial City, the core area is the Forbidden City. Confucius say: "for the government in Germany, such as North Star, ranking it the total of stars." Meaning of this passage is this: the ruling kings with moral world, as in the days of Polaris will be like the middle of the formation of public star around the situation. Hall of Supreme Harmony in Beijing Forbidden City has a couplet, the joint is: De Long is transit, universal Yong Xi Fu Guang Yun, the second line is: Fengcheng back to the Big Dipper, the IMC and the Association Song Ping Zhang. Pair of couplets and the meaning of Confucius's idea is the same strain. The effect that: as monarch (emperor), to sit in the middle position between heaven and earth, and always maintain Chiang Kai-shek, the rule of harmony so bright, the subjects within the four seas will support, the capital of the palace is like the sky the Big Dipper, not only among the the middle, but also to establish a good social order, as all people are celebrated.